Texture Creation - Basic Tutorial
Originally written by SneaksieDave on http://forums.thedarkmod.com/topic/3814
For what seems like forever, we've been wanting for textures. The donated DVD, countless free sources on the web, new 'techniques and ideas' on how to make them. That's all great, but for whatever reasons, we still don't have much. A game like this needs a TON of textures, and TDM is lacking them badly. So I wanted to try to learn how to do this mysterious, wonderous, magick...
Erm, well, it's not magick. Far from it, in fact. This tutorial isn't for those of you who already know how to do this*, and already know it's not magick. This tutorial is for the rest of us, those who have been too scared or lazy to even bother asking "how do I?", like me. (It's the former, honest!)
Prerequisites
You can use Gimp or Photoshop on Windows, for Linux you should use Gimp. So you'll need either of the two programs Gimp/Photoshop and the corresponding set of plugins:
Photoshop
Gimp
If you are using Kubuntu/Ubuntu, you can also install the gimp-texturize and gimp-resynthesizer packages.
To compile Gimp plugins from source, install the following packages and their dependecies:
- libgimp2.0-dev
- libgtk1.2-dev
- libglut3-dev (for the DDS plugin)
Get your source picture
This could be anything from a photograph you took, to a free texture download from the internet, to a hand drawn picture, if you're one of those fortunate enough to possess that skill - though we generally prefer to work from photo-reference when possible.
If you do want to take photos, some tips:
- try to shoot on an overcast day; the diffuse light will remove most unwanted shadows
- try to take the photo as perfectly face-on to the surface as you can manage.
If your end result isn't perfect, don't worry, there are ways to fix it (transform->skew, to name one)
- Make sure that all parts of your photo you want to use as texture are in focus (e.g. sharp). Unsharp parts cannot be fixed later, at least not without a big quality loss!
- try to select an area that will be tile-able (if that's what you want)
- try to capture a large area such that you'll have enough to work with, but not so big that your resolution on the final product will suffer
Create the diffuse map
The diffuse map is a tilable (usally) image which gives the color infomation, but does not contain lighting or height information for the texture.
Photoshop
Inspect the source image. If you're going to tile it, try to find a regular repeating area. This is only to make your job easier. You can tile anything, really, but it depends on how much work you want to give yourself. If you don't know what I mean here, at the next step you will.
After you've chosen a rough tile-able area (from here forward I'm going to assume you are doing a tiled texture), crop that area out, and size your image to the desired size ratio. I wouldn't go lower than 1024 resolution at this stage of the work, or you'll start losing picture quality quickly. So set it to 2048X1024, or 1024X1024, etc. The reason we need to fix the size ratio (not the final size) at this stage is for the next step.
Set the offset
Go to Filter->Other->Offset. You want to set the horizontal and vertical to be exactly half of your cropped picture's width and height. That will make the opposite edges of the texture meet each other in the middle of the view, so you can make it really tile-able.
Make the seams disappear
See those seams running right down the middle of the pic, vertically and horizontally? You have to make them disappear. Get to know the clone tool. (Google...) There are many other ways to shuffle pixels too, but I'll leave the specifics up to you. This is usually the hardest, most time consuming step.
Once you've blended the lines away, run the Offset filter again to restore the correct layout of your pic, and save it out in a nice high quality (but not too big to manage) format. This is the "diffuse" image. We're using 24bit TGA for TDM.
Gimp
Use the texturizer or the resynthezier plugin - these are very easy to work with and make manual work almost needless.
Create a normal map
Photoshop
Now that the diffuse is done, using that same pic, open Filter->Nvidia Tools->NormalMapFilter. You'll probably have to play with the values for a while to get a feel for it, and to get a normal map you are happy with. This is a rough approximation method, by no means as accurate as actually modelling a texture, but it works pretty good in most cases. Basically, it will make light areas "high" and dark areas "low". Learn how to manipulate color levels in Photoshop, and you'll be making good normal maps with the Nvidia filter in no time. Generally, use values of 3 or 4 for simple things like woodgrain or nails. Values of 12 or higher can be used for more 3d effects.
If you think about it, there are countless ways to adjust the image (in fact, you're not even restricted to using the diffuse image as the base of the normal map...) to get desired results - inverting colors, brightness and contrast controls, painting over areas, gradients, etc. It's a "feel" thing, so you'll have to develop that for yourself. After creating your desired normal map (try not to make it too blurry, or too sharp, or too bumpy - yuck), save it out as you did with the diffuse image, with "_local" appended.
Gimp
Use the Normalmap plugin. (XXX TODO: Add a short tutorial here)
Add a specular map
If you want a specular map, the process is even more subjective. There are countless ways in Photoshop to adjust color and light level and even invert everything or parts or mask out areas. Specular maps work as such: Darker is rendered as dull, lighter is rendered as shiny. Get it? Think of the possibilities, and have fun with it. You can get some pretty amazing results with just minutes of work. Save that image out as you did the diffuse, with "_s" appended.
Note that most surface types don't need a specular map. Only shiny surfaces, like metal or wet stone, really need one, while wood, cobbles, canvas, leaves, dirt etc. should not have a specular map.
Create your material file
Create a material for the texture. In the materials folder, create a file like mytex.mtr, and add the following:
textures/your_desired_editor_texture_folder/your_texture_name
{
[TDM has custom surface types here. for example, wood, stone, glass]
qer_editorimage textures/your_file_folder/your_texture_name
bumpmap textures/your_file_folder/your_texture_name_local
diffusemap textures/your_file_folder/your_texture_name
specularmap textures/your_file_folder/your_texture_name_s
// This is the code required for frob highlighting this texture
{
if ( parm11 > 0 )
blend gl_dst_color, gl_one
map _white.tga
rgb 0.40 * parm11
}
{
if ( parm11 > 0 )
blend add
map textures/your_file_folder/your_texture_name
rgb 0.15 * parm11
}
}
Oh, and on Windows, use Wordpad, not Notepad. That's it. Your new texture should appear in both the editor and in-game.
See Basic Material File for more information.
Summary
So you see, it's really quite simple:
- Crop the desired area
- Make it tileable if necessary
- Generate a normal map
- Create a specular map if you want one
- Include it in a material file
- DONE
Those who know more about this than me (I've been doing it all of one day so far) are encouraged to contribute tips if you have them.
See Common Texture Mistakes for more information.
